CSS Text

CSS Text

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Text Color

The color property is used to set the color of the text. The color is specified by:

• a color name - like "red"
• a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
• an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"

Look at CSS Color Values for a complete list of possible color values.

The default text color for a page is defined in the body selector.

Example

body {
  color: blue;}

h1 {
  color: green;}

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Text Alignment

The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.

A text can be left or right aligned, centered, or justified.

The following example shows center aligned, and left and right aligned text (left alignment is default if text direction is left-to-right, and right alignment is default if text direction is right-to-left):

Example

h1 {
  text-align: center;}

h2 {
  text-align: left;}

h3 {
  text-align: right;}

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When the text-align property is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers):

Example

div {
  text-align: justify;}

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Text Decoration

The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.

The value text-decoration: none; is often used to remove underlines from links:

Example

a {
  text-decoration: none;}

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The other text-decoration values are used to decorate text:

Example

h1 {
  text-decoration: overline;}

h2 {
  text-decoration: line-through;}

h3 {
  text-decoration: underline;}

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Text Transformation

The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.

It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word:

Example

p.uppercase {
  text-transform: uppercase;}

p.lowercase {
  text-transform: lowercase;}

p.capitalize {
  text-transform: capitalize;}

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Text Indentation

The text-indent property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text:

Example

p {
  text-indent: 50px;}

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Letter Spacing

The letter-spacing property is used to specify the space between the characters in a text.

The following example demonstrates how to increase or decrease the space between characters:

Example

h1 {
  letter-spacing: 3px;}

h2 {
  letter-spacing: -3px;}

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Line Height

The line-height property is used to specify the space between lines:

Example

p.small {
  line-height: 0.8;}

p.big {
  line-height: 1.8;}

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Text Direction

The direction property is used to change the text direction of an element:

Example

p {
  direction: rtl;}

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Word Spacing

The word-spacing property is used to specify the space between the words in a text.

The following example demonstrates how to increase or decrease the space between words: 

Example

h1 {
  word-spacing: 10px;}

h2 {
  word-spacing: -5px;}

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Text Shadow

The text-shadow property adds shadow to text.

The following example specifies the position of the horizontal shadow (3px), the position of the vertical shadow (2px) and the color of the shadow (red):

Example

h1 {
  text-shadow: 3px 2px red;}

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CSS Fonts

CSS Fonts

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The CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.

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Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts

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CSS Font Families

In CSS, there are two types of font family names:

• generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or "Monospace")
• font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")

Generic family	Font family	Description
Serif	Times New Roman Georgia	Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on some characters
Sans-serif	Arial Verdana	"Sans" means without - these fonts do not have the lines at the ends of characters
Monospace	Courier New Lucida Console	All monospace characters have the same width

Note: On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.

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Font Family

The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.

The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser does not support the first font, it tries the next font, and so on.

Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font in the generic family, if no other fonts are available.

Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like: "Times New Roman".

More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:

Example

p {
  font-family: "Times New Roman", Times, serif;}

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Font Style

The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.

This property has three values:

• normal - The text is shown normally
• italic - The text is shown in italics
• oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)

Example

p.normal {
  font-style: normal;}

p.italic {
  font-style: italic;}

p.oblique {
  font-style: oblique;}

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Font Size

The font-size property sets the size of the text.

Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs.

Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for paragraphs.

The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.

Absolute size:

• Sets the text to a specified size
• Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility reasons)
• Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known

Relative size:

• Sets the size relative to surrounding elements
• Allows a user to change the text size in browsers

Note: If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px (16px=1em).

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Set Font Size With Pixels

Setting the text size with pixels gives you full control over the text size:

Example

Example

h1 {
  font-size: 40px;}

h2 {
  font-size: 30px;}

p {
  font-size: 14px;}

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Tip: If you use pixels, you can still use the zoom tool to resize the entire page.

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Set Font Size With Em

To allow users to resize the text (in the browser menu), many developers use em instead of pixels.

The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.

1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default size of 1em is 16px.

The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em

Example

h1 {
  font-size: 2.5em; /* 40px/16=2.5em */}

h2 {
  font-size: 1.875em; /* 30px/16=1.875em */}

p {
  font-size: 0.875em; /* 14px/16=0.875em */}div {
    height: 100px;
    width: 500px;
    background-color: powderblue;}

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In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels. However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.

Unfortunately, there is still a problem with older versions of IE. The text becomes larger than it should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.

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Use a Combination of Percent and Em

The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the <body> element:

Example

body {
  font-size: 100%;}

h1 {
  font-size: 2.5em;}

h2 {
  font-size: 1.875em;}

p {
  font-size: 0.875em;}

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Our code now works great! It shows the same text size in all browsers, and allows all browsers to zoom or resize the text!

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Font Weight

The font-weight property specifies the weight of a font:

Example

p.normal {
  font-weight: normal;}

p.thick {
  font-weight: bold;}

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Responsive Font Size

The text size can be set with a vw unit, which means the "viewport width".

That way the text size will follow the size of the browser window:

Hello World

Resize the browser window to see how the font size scales.

Example

<h1 style="font-size:10vw">Hello World</h1>

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Font Variant

The font-variant property specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font.

In a small-caps font, all lowercase letters are converted to uppercase letters. However, the converted uppercase letters appears in a smaller font size than the original uppercase letters in the text.

Example

p.normal {
  font-variant: normal;}

p.small {
  font-variant: small-caps;}

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